Allergies: Symptoms, Types & Treatment

Allergies occur when the immune system overreacts to normally harmless substances (allergens), triggering symptoms that can range from mild to life-threatening.

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Common Allergy Symptoms

• Respiratory: Sneezing, runny nose, nasal congestion, coughing, wheezing
• Skin reactions: Itching, hives, redness, eczema
• Eye irritation: Watery, red, itchy eyes (allergic conjunctivitis)
• Severe reactions (anaphylaxis): Difficulty breathing, swelling, dizziness (requires emergency care)

Most Frequent Allergy Types

1. Respiratory allergies:
   • Allergic rhinitis (hay fever)
   • Asthma
   • Common triggers: Pollen, dust mites, mold, pet dander
2. Food allergies:
   • Most common: Milk, eggs, peanuts, tree nuts, soy, wheat, fish, shellfish
   • Can cause digestive problems or anaphylaxis
3. Skin allergies:
   • Contact dermatitis (e.g., nickel, latex, cosmetics)
   • Atopic dermatitis (eczema)
4. Drug allergies:
   • Penicillin and other antibiotics are common triggers
   • May cause rashes or severe reactions
5. Insect sting allergies:
   • Bees, wasps, fire ants
   • Can lead to dangerous swelling

Diagnosis Methods

• Skin prick test (exposure to small allergen amounts)
• Blood tests (IgE antibody measurement)
• Elimination diet (for food allergies)
• Patch test (for contact allergies)

Treatment Options

• Avoidance: Eliminating exposure to known allergens
• Medications:
  • Antihistamines (loratadine, cetirizine)
  • Nasal corticosteroids (fluticasone)
  • Decongestants (short-term use)
  • Epinephrine auto-injector (for severe allergies)
• Immunotherapy: Allergy shots for long-term relief

Prevention Tips

• Use dust mite-proof mattress/pillow covers
• Keep windows closed during high pollen seasons
• Wash bedding weekly in hot water
• Always check food labels for allergens
• Carry emergency medication if needed

When to Seek Medical Help

Consult an allergist if:

• Symptoms interfere with daily life
• OTC medications don’t provide relief
• You experience signs of anaphylaxis (throat swelling, breathing difficulty)

• While allergies can’t be cured, proper management can control symptoms effectively.

Note: For personalized medical advice, always consult a healthcare professional.